duncmacphun

Update Atmospheric  
          	
          	The eruption of Tonga’s underwater volcano, in January 2022, vaporized 
          	150 million tons of seawater and shot a geyser of super heated steam through the stratosphere. The water vapour, a strong greenhouse gas, may increase global temperatures for at least five years. 
          	
          	For the past 800,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was about 290 parts per million (ppm).  Many people believe the current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 415 ppm is causing global warming. (While commercial greenhouses use 1000 to 1500 ppm of CO2 to optimize plant growth).  
          	
          	But . . . there is no correlation between temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the past 500 million years, so CO2 does not appear to directly affect the temperature.
          	
          	And . . . the automatic thermostatic effect of a small increase in cloud cover could offset the effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting more solar radiation back into space.
          	
          	Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.
          	
          	The Little Ice Age devastated harvests in Europe from 1300 to 1850 CE, causing starvation and sickness.  Wood was expensive so, in London, England, people began burning coal despite the smoke and dirt. 
          	
          	
          	But . . . almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors.  In the past 70 years, the average life span increased from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income grew from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day.
          	
          	This explosive growth in productivity (largely as a result of fossil fuels) was responsible for astonishing improvements in health, education, and longevity. 
          	
          	Eliminating fossil fuels will cause massive declines in productivity but the average person is still expected to be four times richer by 2100 CE despite disruptions.   
          	
          	Read WEALTH at  https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphun

duncmacphun

Update Atmospheric  
          
          The eruption of Tonga’s underwater volcano, in January 2022, vaporized 
          150 million tons of seawater and shot a geyser of super heated steam through the stratosphere. The water vapour, a strong greenhouse gas, may increase global temperatures for at least five years. 
          
          For the past 800,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was about 290 parts per million (ppm).  Many people believe the current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 415 ppm is causing global warming. (While commercial greenhouses use 1000 to 1500 ppm of CO2 to optimize plant growth).  
          
          But . . . there is no correlation between temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the past 500 million years, so CO2 does not appear to directly affect the temperature.
          
          And . . . the automatic thermostatic effect of a small increase in cloud cover could offset the effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting more solar radiation back into space.
          
          Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.
          
          The Little Ice Age devastated harvests in Europe from 1300 to 1850 CE, causing starvation and sickness.  Wood was expensive so, in London, England, people began burning coal despite the smoke and dirt. 
          
          
          But . . . almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors.  In the past 70 years, the average life span increased from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income grew from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day.
          
          This explosive growth in productivity (largely as a result of fossil fuels) was responsible for astonishing improvements in health, education, and longevity. 
          
          Eliminating fossil fuels will cause massive declines in productivity but the average person is still expected to be four times richer by 2100 CE despite disruptions.   
          
          Read WEALTH at  https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphun

duncmacphun

I am now publishing CLIMATIC on Wattpad 
          
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/355755800-atmospheric
          
          Three billion years ago, the atmosphere consisted of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane and 0.4 to 8 % carbon dioxide (CO2).  Then microbes began extracting carbon from CO2 and releasing the oxygen to the atmosphere.  Millions of years later, their bodies had formed the oil and gas deposits we use today. 
          
          Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.
          
          The Sun fuses hydrogen nuclei to make helium and radiates prodigious amounts of energy; a tiny fraction of which is the main driver of Earth’s climate.  The solar radiation evaporates water from equatorial seas and the atmosphere transports the warm vapour as clouds to the cooler extremities of Earth where it condenses out as rain or snow. 
          
          Many people think CO2 from burning fossil fuels is causing global warming, but some scientists are doubtful that this the complete answer.  Warming may be the result of solar activity and may be limited by increasing cloud cover. 
          
          There is no statistical evidence that global warming is causing, or intensifying, wildfires, hurricanes, floods, droughts and related natural disasters, or making them more frequent.

duncmacphun

I just finished reading Ziff Dion’s very funny book UNDER COVER WHITE OUT.   
           
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/285148629-undercover-white-out-book-2
          
          You can find all the books in the series by searching ziff dion
          
          The first three books in the Under Cover series have text to speech software (powered by Trinity Audio) that is invaluable for readers learning English pronunciation or for those with poor vision.
          
          Happy reading   Duncan MacPhun

duncmacphun

I heartily recommend the new editions of ziff dion's books.  They are easier to read and have more plot details.
          
          An updated editions of Undercover Goose on the Titanic and Curiousers Underway are now available with the following titles.
           
          1.   UNDERCOVER on the TITANIC. New material includes several videos from the movie Titanic.
          
          2.  UNDERCOVER - WHITE OUT.   In which ziff attempts to rescue his parents from the Tian Mountains in western China (the last chapters of Titanic).
          
          3.  UNDERCOVER - DARK FIRE DATA.  Ziff and friends are rescued from a gang of American agents.  (The first part of Curiousers Underway).
          
          4.  UNDERCOVER - CURIOUSERS.   Ziff, Licia, Miguel and Denny are press-ganged aboard His Majesty’s 20 gun frigate, Curious).
          
          5.  UNDERCOVER - POWER. When the Curious runs aground they escape and discover that the Royal Navy hangs deserters.  They meet James Watt and forestall an attempt to sabotage one of his steam engines.
          
          The new editions all have shorter chapters, more dialogue and plot additions including an attempt to blow up Silverwood School.
          
          Happy new year reading to all.   
          Thanks for all your support.  Dunc MacPhun

duncmacphun

Ziff Dion is now publishing UNDERCOVER - ON THE TITANIC
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/279994510-undercover-on-the-titanic-book
          
          And UNDERCOVER - WHITE OUT (Book 2)
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/285148629-undercover-white-out-book-2
          
          I recommend these to anyone who enjoys humourous sci/fi.
          
          Ziff’s Mom and Dad have disappeared in China and he is stuck with his grumpy Grandma and a new school with a quantum computer that may have built a virtual reality time machine.  Ziff and friends find themselves on the Royal Mail Ship Titanic when she is about to collide with an iceberg. 
          
          Luckily, Time Agent Triple Oh and a talking, break-dancing Canada goose have been assigned to protect them from Murga, who will stop at nothing to learn how Ziff can bend gravity. 
          
          Readers comments:-
          
          ‘So, so good, the humour is great!  The green bubbles, and the smoke trailing out of the bag, lovely detail - the story gets better and better.’
          
          ‘Brilliant! You are a very good story  teller, I love the breadth of the writing, smells, virtual reality plausibility and the detail - ‘poured himself tea from a vacuum flask.’  I was there with them’.

duncmacphun

I just started publishing ‘Nuclear’ on Wattpad and new chapters will be on the site every few days.  Thanks for reading and clicking on the star.  Dunc.
          
          Between 1942 and 1945, America was at war with Germany and Japan and was in a race to develop the atom bomb before its enemies.
          
          It was code named the Manhattan Project and it was one of the largest engineering projects in history. Tens of thousands of physicists, chemists, metallurgists, engineers, designers and construction workers built an entirely new industry in America. It was one of the most significant events of the past century.
          
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/276665789-nuclear

duncmacphun

I just uploaded the last chapter of  FLIGHT  which follows on from  COMBUSTION  both books are now on Wattpad at;- 
          
           https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/269318617-combustion
          
          and 
          
          https://www.wattpad.com/myworks/267931209-flight
          
          
          You can find all books in the series at 
          https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphun
          
          
          I am now working on the next book in the series, with the working title NUCLEAR.
          
          Thanks for reading and clicking on the star.     Dunc MacPhun